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“全球战斗舰”难以撑起“全球英国梦”******

上图：26型护卫舰“格拉斯哥”号。资料图片

　　近日，英国海军的首艘26型护卫舰“格拉斯哥”号举行了下水仪式，并将在完成舾装后开展海试，预定于2028年前正式服役。保持“全球抵达”能力的海军，一直被英国视为维持其“全球影响力”的重要支柱。而26型护卫舰早在研发期间，就被英国防部冠名为“全球战斗舰”。然而，这款新型战舰，真能支撑起英国近几届政府所宣扬的“全球英国”战略构想吗？

　　客观而言，26型护卫舰在设计和性能上确有可圈可点之处，是一型瞄准了“全球作战”目标打造的多用途水面战舰。

　　首先，自持力与续航力较出色。作为“护卫舰”，26型护卫舰标准排水量约6900吨，几乎与美军“阿利·伯克”级驱逐舰和英军45型驱逐舰持平，可满足长期远航的物资储备需求。较一般护卫舰30天的自持力，26型护卫舰自持力可达60天，最高航速超过26节，以15节航速航行，续航力约为7000海里。

　　其次，能遂行多种作战任务。26型护卫舰问世的主要目的，是替换老旧的23型护卫舰、担纲英军航母编队的反潜主力，其集多种本领于一身，能分担兼顾防空反导和对海对陆打击等任务，且采用模块化设计，可根据作战需求进行改装。

　　再次，与盟友海军的互通性和协同性较好。除英国外，同为“五眼联盟”和英联邦国家的澳大利亚及加拿大，均已选择26型护卫舰的出口型作为本国新一代护卫舰的基本平台，分别采购了9艘和15艘；新西兰也有望订购2至3艘。这意味着，26型护卫舰较易获得这些国家海军的保障和配合，从而提升执行任务的能力与效果。

　　然而，纵观26型护卫舰项目推进进程，却堪称当代各海军强国中“拖（工期）、涨（预算）、降（性能）、减（数量）”的典型。

　　英海军原计划用26型护卫舰“一对一”地替换13艘23型护卫舰，然而其性能指标需求与控制成本的原则相悖。单艘26型护卫舰仅船体建造成本已高达约16亿美元，比原计划攀升了3倍多，为此不得不缩小建造规模，目前仅实际开工3艘。2022年11月，英国敲定了第二批次5艘舰的建造合同，但据英国国防部披露，即便进展顺利，英海军最快也要到2035年才能拥有8艘26型护卫舰。结合目前英海军只有6艘45型驱逐舰来看，按照三分之一的“战斗出动率”计算，届时仅能勉强凑出一个航母战斗群的驱护舰配置。

　　此外，26型护卫舰存在不少技术短板：其动力系统中使用的燃气轮机，与“伊丽莎白女王”级航母和45型驱逐舰相同，而它恰是故障频发、导致战舰不时停摆的“罪魁”；其装备的“海上拦截者”防空导弹系统，拦截弹由“阿斯拉姆”空对空格斗导弹演化而来，不仅尺寸“迷你”，最大射程也仅有25千米。计划为该型护卫舰配备、由英法联合研发的新一代反舰导弹系统，也迟迟未见踪影。

　　26型护卫舰处境尴尬的深层次原因，是英国日益没落的制造业和海军经费拮据。“格拉斯哥”号的下水，与“伊丽莎白女王”级航母的巡航一样：看似华美的一抹光彩之下，映射出的只是“日不落帝国”积重难返的日落残阳！（海　镜　李新宇）

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）